Pregnancy
What Effect Does Malnutrition Have on Pregnancy Outcome?
Effect of Malnutrition on Pregnancy Outcome in Animals
Effect of Malnutrition on Pregnancy Outcome in Animals --2
Effect of Malnutrition on Pregnancy Outcome in Animals--3
Consequences of maternal malnutrition are magnified in animals when compared to humans
Human experiments of three types
Natural experiments--Dutch Famine Study
Dutch Famine Study--2
Dutch Famine Study--3
Organ Studies
Organ Studies--2
Epidemiological Studies--Predictors of Birth Weight
Current Recommendations for Weight Gain
Physiological Changes During Pregnancy
Maternal Changes Related to Nutrition
Selected Hormonal Changes (see table 3-2, p. 65 Worthington-Roberts)
Progesterone (con’t)
Estrogen
Estrogen (con’t)
Insulin
Hormones that may contribute to insulin inefficiency
Thyroxine
Parathyroid Hormone
Cardiovascular System Changes
CDC Guidelines for Anemia
Smaller Increases in Blood Volume
Other Blood Constituent Changes
Other Cardiovascular Changes
Stages of Fetal Growth
Embryonic Stage of Growth
Fetal Growth Stage
Fetal Growth
Fetal Growth (con’t)
Role of Placenta (p. 85-90 W-R)
Placenta Characteristics
Placenta Characteristics (con’t)
Nutrient Transfer Mechanisms (p. 86, W-R)
Nutrient Transfer (con’t)
Transport of Glucose
Nutritional Needs During Pregnancy
Increase in Nutrients
Iron Requirements to Support Pregnancy
Iron Needed to Support Pregnancy
Iron needs vs availability in foods
Iron Available Postpartum
RDA for Iron
Effect of Low Maternal Iron Status on Pregnancy Outcome
Relationship of Maternal and Infant Iron Status
Folic Acid
Incidence of Nueral Tube Defects
Causes of Neural Tube Defects
CDC Recommendation
American Academy of Pediatrics Recommendation
Current Folic Acid Status of Women in U.S.
Risk Factors for Low Folic Acid Status
Current Recommendations for Pregnant Women
Recommendations (con’t)
Good Sources of Folate (Table 5-7, p 144 Worthington Roberts for additional values)
Where do women get folate? (Table 5-6, p. 144 Worthington-Roberts for similar data)
Fortification of Enriched Grains with Folate
Calcium
Changes in Calcium Metabolism
RDA for Calciuim During Pregnancy
Effects of Low Calcium Intake During Pregnancy
Calcium Intake and PIH
Usual Calcium Intake of Women in U.S. (HANES III)
Sources of Calcium in Women’s Diets
RDA for Energy During Pregnancy
Usual Intakes of Women
Usual Intakes of Pregnant Women (IOM report, p262-263)
Best Assessment of Adequate Energy During Pregnancy is Weight Gain
Factors that Have Greatest Effect on Birth Weight
Percent of Infant Morbidity by Preconceptional Weight (p 49)
Preconceptual nutrition counseling should include normalization of weight
Guidelines for Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Synergistic Effect of Prepregnancy Weight and Weight Gain
Rate of Weight Gain
Components of Weight Gain (graphic on p 472 Worthington-Roberst and data on p 370 Boyles and Morris)
Miscellaneous Issues
Nausea
Suggestions for Controlling Nausea
Hypermesis Gravidarum (p. 258 Worthington -Roberts)
Pica
Risk factors for pica
Medical implications of pica
Proposed etiology of pica
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Growth
Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)
Possible Mechanisms for Effects of Alcohol During Pregnancy
Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy
Fetal Tobacco Syndrome
Major Sources for Presentation
Email: okendric@ches.ua.edu
Home Page: http://bama.ua.edu/~okendric/nhm463/
Other information: Pregnancy lecture
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