Hogenraad, Robert. "What the Words of War Can Tell Us About the Risk of War." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 11, no. 2 (2005): 137-151.
Hogenraad has created a Motive Dictionary to detect power and affiliations motives manifested in texts. Using computer-supported analysis of both fiction and nonfiction texts, Hogenraad shows that an "imperial motivation pattern" (i.e., "the gap created between high need for power and low need for affiliation") is related to the onset of war. Hogenraad discovers that: "An increasing gap between affiliation and power words consistently precedes the outbreak of wars including World War I and the War in Iraq (2003- )."